Screen Time and Mental Health Outcomes in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: The rapid expansion of digital technology has led to a substantial increase in screen time among adolescents, raising concerns about its potential impact on mental health. Emerging evidence suggests a possible association between excessive screen exposure and adverse psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and reduced well-being. Objective: To systematically evaluate and quantitatively synthesize the association between screen time and mental health outcomes in adolescents. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO was conducted for studies published up to December 2025. Observational studies involving adolescents aged 10–19 years that assessed screen time and mental health outcomes were included. Data were extracted and analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Effect sizes were pooled as Odds Ratios (ORs) for categorical outcomes and Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs) for continuous variables. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 32 studies comprising approximately 180,000 adolescents were included. High screen time was significantly associated with increased risk of depression (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.10–1.26) and anxiety (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.15–1.50). Additionally, greater screen exposure was associated with poorer psychological well-being (SMD = −0.21; 95% CI: −0.30 to −0.12). Subgroup analyses revealed stronger associations for screen time exceeding 3 hours per day, social media use, and female adolescents. Moderate to high heterogeneity was observed across studies. Conclusion: Excessive screen time is significantly associated with adverse mental health outcomes in adolescents. Although the effect sizes are modest, the high prevalence of screen use highlights its importance as a public health concern. Strategies promoting balanced digital use and mental health awareness are essential